Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Secondly, increasing the bioavailability (by micelle formation or decreasing interfacial tension and increasing solubility) of hydrophobic water insoluble substrates (14). A Berkeley Lab bioremediation expert says extreme caution must be used in cleaning up the fragile Gulf Coast ecosystem in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Who owned the rig responsible for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill? Though similar to the failed top kill, mud could be injected at much lower pressures during the static kill because of the stabilizing influence of the capping stack. [81] Prior to establishing the GCCF, emergency compensation was paid by BP from an initial facility. Internal emails released in 2013 showed that one BP employee had estimates that matched those of the FRTG, and shared the data with supervisors, but BP continued with their lower number. [45], According to the satellite images, the spill directly affected 70,000sqmi (180,000km2) of ocean, which is comparable to the size of Oklahoma. Corexit EC9500A and Corexit EC9527A were the principal variants. After the explosion, oil gushed from the sea floor releasing an estimated 5.84x108 litre of crude oil into the ocean [11] . An official website of the United States government. According to BP and the USCG, it is "not oil and it's not harmful. In the November 2012 resolution of the federal charges against it, BP agreed to plead guilty to 11 felony counts related to the deaths of the 11 workers and paid a $4billion fine. [329] An independent audit of the GCCF, announced by Attorney General Eric Holder, was approved by Senate on 21 October 2011. The oil leak was discovered on the afternoon of 22 April 2010 when a large oil slick began to spread at the former rig site. [72][73] Next, it placed a 125-tonne (280,000lb) containment dome over the largest leak and piped the oil to a storage vessel. Gerald Baron for Crisisblogger, 8 June 2012. However, it was not clear if this deal had been officially proposed to BP and if BP has accepted it. Government officials acting on behalf of the public when there is injury to, destruction of, loss of, or threat to natural resources. [179] In another example, a CBS News crew was denied access to the oil-covered beaches of the spill area. The rig's sinking on April 22 began the discharge of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. [92] On 19 September 2010, National Incident Commander Thad Allen declared the well "effectively dead" and said that it posed no further threat to the Gulf. [235][236], Mike Robicheux, a Louisiana physician, described the situation as "the biggest public health crisis from a chemical poisoning in the history of this country. The Flow Rate Technical Group (FRTG) estimated the initial flow rate was 62,000bbl/d (9,900m3/d). The oil well over which it was positioned was located on the seabed 4,993 feet (1,522 metres) below the surface and extended approximately 18,000 feet (5,486 metres) into the rock. Two methods of bioremediation were used: bioaugmentation and biostimulation [11] . The US government report issued in September 2011 stated that BP is ultimately responsible for the spill, and that Halliburton and Transocean share some of the blame. [279] In his 15 June speech, Obama said, "This oil spill is the worst environmental disaster America has ever faced Make no mistake: we will fight this spill with everything we've got for as long as it takes. The trusteesGovernment officials acting on behalf of the public when there is injury to, destruction of, loss of, or threat to natural resources. [23][24][25] As of 2018[update], cleanup costs, charges and penalties had cost the company more than $65billion. GoMRI uses a peer-review process to award grants for independent scientific research conducted primarily at academic institutions, as well as at select for-profit entities. Several species of microbes played a significant role in the cleanup of BP oil spill which otherwise would not had been possible. Due to the Deepwater Horizon spill, marine life was suffering. [47][48] The company argued that government figures do not reflect over 810,000bbl (34million USgal; 129,000m3) of oil that was collected or burned before it could enter the Gulf waters. A .gov In addition, links for additional information on the spill, cleanup activities and other responses are provided below. When an attempt to employ a top kill, whereby drilling mud was pumped into the well to stanch the flow of oil, also failed, BP in early June turned to an apparatus called the Lower Marine Riser Package (LMRP) cap. The explosion Calling the vicinity of the spill "one of the most productive ocean ecosystems in the world", the study found that even at very low concentrations "PAH cardiotoxicity was potentially a common form of injury among a broad range of species in the vicinity of the oil. [79] On 3 June 2010, BP removed the damaged drilling riser from the top of the blowout preventer and covered the pipe by the cap which connected it to another riser. BP said administration of the 2012 settlement was marred by the fact that people without actual damages could file a claim. [191] PAHs can harm marine species directly and microbes used to consume the oil can reduce marine oxygen levels. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. [116] Booms were criticized for washing up on the shore with the oil, allowing oil to escape above or below the boom, and for ineffectiveness in more than three- to four-foot (90120cm) waves. BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf, but The New York Times reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study.[19]. [57] As of July2011[update], about 491mi (790km) of coastline in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida were contaminated by oil and a total of 1,074mi (1,728km) had been oiled since the spill began. [41] The oil flowed for 87 days. [59] The Republic of the Marshall Islands Maritime Administrator conducted a separate investigation on the marine casualty. [66] In April 2012, oil was still found along as much as 200mi (320km) of Louisiana coastline and tar balls continued to wash up on the barrier islands. Deepwater Horizon oil spill, also called Gulf of Mexico oil spill, largest marine oil spill in history, caused by an April 20, 2010, explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil riglocated in the Gulf of Mexico, approximately 41 miles (66 km) off the coast of Louisianaand its subsequent sinking on April 22. 1752 N St. NW. Researchers concluded that deep plumes of dissolved oil and gas would likely remain confined to the northern Gulf of Mexico and that the peak impact on dissolved oxygen would be delayed and long lasting. [325] In June 2012, the settlement of claims through the GCCF was replaced by the court-supervised settlement program. [23][59] Oil sector analysts at London-based investment bank Canaccord Genuity noted that a settlement along the lines disclosed would only be a partial resolution of the many claims against BP. With a decrease in microbial diversity and members in these communities, many nutrients cycles are disrupted; this further affects microbes and organisms in general. [252], A cohort study of almost 2,200 Louisiana women found "high physical/environmental exposure was significantly associated with all 13 of the physical health symptoms surveyed, with the strongest associations for burning in nose, throat or lungs; sore throat; dizziness and wheezing. [249], Two years after the spill, a study initiated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found biomarkers matching the oil from the spill in the bodies of cleanup workers. BP also agreed to four years of government monitoring of its safety practices and ethics, and the Environmental Protection Agency announced that BP would be temporarily banned from new contracts with the United States government. [11][111], The fundamental strategies for addressing the spill were containment, dispersal and removal. Both cores were likely too weak to withstand the pressure because they were composed of a concrete mixture that used nitrogen gas to accelerate curing. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection . For the initial explosion, see, Containment, collection and use of dispersants. [147] One plume was 22mi (35km) long, more than 1mi (1,600m) wide and 650ft (200m) deep. By October 2013 it had increased its projection to $9.2billion, saying it could be "significantly higher. Bioremediation for marine oil spills. It uses microorganisms or biological agents to treat oil spills, and soils contaminated 4. BP said the report was inconclusive as to any causation associated with the spill. [224][225], In 2013, researchers found that oil on the bottom of the seafloor did not seem to be degrading,[226] and observed a phenomenon called a "dirty blizzard": oil in the water column began clumping around suspended sediments, and falling to the ocean floor in an "underwater rain of oily particles." The gas released caused an enormous underwater explosion that sadly took 11 lives and injured 17 others. It later emerged through documents released by Wikileaks that a similar incident had occurred on a BP-owned rig in the Caspian Sea in September 2008. The plaintiffs included the U.S. Justice Department, Gulf states and private individuals. To assist with the efforts the captains had to register their ships with the Vessels of Opportunity; however, an issue arose when more boats registered than actually participated in the clean-up efforts only a third of the registered boats. The microbial ecosystem in the Gulf of Mexico may have been primed for oil bioremediation before DWH because of persistent oil seepage in the waters from drilling. In June, 2016 BP announced offsite link that it had come up with its final estimate of the cost for the oil spill: $61.6 billion. An alternative technique that has longer-term remediating effect is the use of microbes in oil cleaning. [60], Concerns were raised about the appearance of underwater, horizontally extended plumes of dissolved oil. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill | Gulf of Mexico | April 2010 What Happened? '"[341] The Court then went further, calling BP's position "nonsensical. In April 2012, the Justice Department filed the first criminal charge against Kurt Mix, a BP engineer, for obstructing justice by deleting messages showing that BP knew the flow rate was three times higher than initial claims by the company, and knew that "Top Kill" was unlikely to succeed, but claimed otherwise. Louisiana will receive more than half the funding, $5 billion, since it saw the most significant damage from the spill. In total 2,063 various skimmers were used. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Deepwater Horizon Trustee Council, a joint federal, state and tribal body which oversaw the overall Natural Resource Damage Assessment. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Coastal Wetland and Wildlife Impacts and Response - M. Lynne Corn - Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More Calendar Translate Mobile Books. . [146], Underwater injection of Corexit into the leak may have created the oil plumes which were discovered below the surface. The Coast Guard said on Oct. 3 that over 5,300 feet of floating barriers, known as booms, had been deployed and that approximately 3,150 gallons of oil had been recovered from the water. [345][346] The plea was accepted by Judge Sarah Vance of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana on 31 January 2013. The facility began accepting claims on 23 August 2010. [13] Subsea injection had never previously been tried but due to the spill's unprecedented nature BP together with USCG and EPA decided to use it. [126] Over 400sorties were flown to release the product. When did the Deepwater Horizon oil spill happen? [292] The council called together a number of federal committees and departments engaged in ocean issues to work with a newly established committee for conservation and resource management. [359], On 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct. [322] The report concluded that the primary cause of failure was that the blind shear rams failed to fully close and seal due to a portion of drill pipe buckling between the shearing blocks. These numbers, coupled with the National Audubon Society scientists' observations of bird colonies and bird mortality well after the acute phase, have led scientists to conclude that more than one million birds ultimately succumbed to the lethal effects of the Gulf oil spill. [358] According to the plaintiffs' lawyers the major cause of an explosion was the mishandling of a rig safety test, while inadequate training of the staff, poor maintenance of the equipment and substandard cement were also mentioned as things leading to the disaster. [15] Oil continued to be found as far from the Macondo site as the waters off the Florida Panhandle and Tampa Bay, where scientists said the oil and dispersant mixture is embedded in the sand. That 80 percent resulted in $5.3 billion going to the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund, dedicated to five priorities, commonly called funding buckets: Amount of civil penalties collected from the Clean Water Act and dedicated by the federal RESTORE Act to the Gulf. What resulted from this one incident was an economic, political, scientific and legal nightmare. [320] In the report, BP was accused of nine faults. Aquatic birds are immobilized by the oil because the oil penetrates the porous feathers and therefore affecting their ability to catch air. Air concentrations of volatile organic compounds and PAHs never exceeded permissible exposure levels. [320] Halliburton stated that it was acting only upon the orders of BP when it injected the cement into the wall of the well. Fortunately, unlike higher organisms that are adversely impacted by oil spills, microorganisms are able to . (1) Das, N. and Chandran, P. Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminants: An Overview. Biotechnol Res Int., 2011, DOI: 10.4061/2011/941810, (2) Bik, H., Halanych, K., Sharma, J. and Kelly Thomas, W. Dramatic Shifts in Benthic Microbial Eukaryote Communities following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. PLoS One, 2012, DOI: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0038550, (3) Safina, C. The 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Well Blowout: A Little Hindsight. PLoS Biol, 2011, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001049, (4) Kweon, O., Kim, S., Holland, R., Chen, H., Kim, D., Gao, Y., Yu, L., Baek, S., Baek, D., Ahn, H. and Cerniglia, C. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolic Network in Mycobacterium vanbaaleniiPYR-1. J Bacteriol, 2011, DOI: 10.1128/JB.00215-11, (5) Beazley, M., Martinez, R., Rajan, S., Powell, J., Piceno, Y., Tom, L., Anderson, G., Hazen, T., Nostrand, J., Zhou, J., Mortazavi, B. and Sobecky, P. Micrbial Community Analysis of a Coastal Salt March Affected by the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. PLoS One, 2012, DOI: 101371/journal.pone.0041305, (6) Kostka, J., Prakash, O., Overhalt, W., Green, S., Freyer, G., Canion, A., Delgardio, J., Norton, N., Hazen, T. and Huettel, M. Hydrocarbon-degrading Bacteria and the Bacterial Community Response in Gulf of Mexico Beach Sands Impacted by the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2011, DOI: 10.1128/AEM.05402-11, (7) McGenity, T., Folwell, B., McKew, B. and Sanni, G. Marine crude-oil biodegradation: a central role for interspecies interaction. Aquat Biosyst, 2012, DOI: 10.1186/2046-9063-8-10, (8) Ziervogel, K., McKay, L., Rhodes, B., Osburn, C., Dickson-Brown, J., Arnosti, C. and Teske, A. On beaches the main techniques were sifting sand, removing tar balls, and digging out tar mats manually or by using mechanical devices. Diaz warned that "chronic adverse health effects, including cancers, liver and kidney disease, mental health disorders, birth defects and developmental disorders should be anticipated among sensitive populations and those most heavily exposed". It also included economic damage claims submitted by the five Gulf states and their local governments. Below is a summary of areas in which more research needs to be done. Certain techniques described above such as low-pressure flushing and vacuum pumping can disrupt and cause long term damage to sensitive microbial environments such as marshes and wetlands [3]. Clarke, Sanchez, Bonfiles, Escobedo (15 June 2010). What are some alternative methods to increase surface area of hydrophobic molecules on water surfaces? Transocean plead guilty to criminal charges in January 2013, adding $300 million from criminal fines to funding dedicated to the restoration efforts in the Gulf region and to improve oil spill response training and prevention. Pre-oil spill samples are what someone would expect in other beaches of similar location without contamination, which include a variety of diverse organisms that exhibit high level of interactions [5]. Restoring the Gulf of Mexico After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, 2010 National Coastal Condition Assessment Results and Report, National Enforcement and Compliance Initiatives, Enforcement and Compliance Annual Results for FY 2022, February 17, 2012: $90 million civil settlement with, January 3, 2013: $1 billion civil settlement with, RestoreTheGulf: official federal government site for spill. [172][177][178][179][180][181][182] In some cases photographers were granted access only with BP officials escorting them on BP-contracted boats and aircraft. In one example, the U.S. Coast Guard stopped Jean-Michel Cousteau's boat and allowed it to proceed only after the Coast Guard was assured that no journalists were on board. The devastating environmental impacts of the Exxon Valdez spill in 1989 and its media notoriety made it a frequent comparison to the BP Deepwater Horizon spill in the popular press in 2010, even though the nature of the two spills and the environments impacted were vastly different. Traditional methods of oil spill cleaning include processes such as controlled burns, skimmers, vacuum pumping, low-pressure flush, manual mechanical cleanup, gelling agent, and many more [3], most of which merely remove the hydrocarbon from the affected water or environment and transfers them to another location. We conducted dozens of public meetings and received thousands of comments which have helped us shape each phase of early restoration. BioWorld Hydrocarbon Treatment was added to weathered oil from the Gulf. [150] The scientists concluded that "Mixing oil with dispersant increased toxicity to ecosystems" and made the gulf oil spill worse. According to researchers, there is "some evidence it may have caused lesions in fish caught in that area". In 2011, one year after the spill, BP agreed to provide up to $1 billion toward early restoration projects in the Gulf of Mexico. A bioremediation expert says extreme caution must be used in cleaning up the fragile Gulf Coast ecosystem in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. On April 20, 2010, an explosion occurred on the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico. [82][83] Mud and cement were later pumped in through the top of the well to reduce the pressure inside it (which didn't work either). 1 of 60 Bioremediation on Deep Horizon Oil Spill Aug. 08, 2011 28 likes 7,460 views Technology Business kerin93 Follow Advertisement Recommended Bioremediation of Aquifers and Marine Oil Spills Asma Hossain 400 views 21 slides Details OF bioremediation and Oilzapper Technology Manish Dwivedi 3.1k views 61 slides Biodegradation of petroleum [243][244][245] OSHA said "cleanup workers are receiving "minimal" exposure to airborne toxinsOSHA will require that BP provide certain protective clothing, but not respirators. [261], Local officials in Louisiana expressed concern that the offshore drilling moratorium imposed in response to the spill would further harm the economies of coastal communities as the oil industry directly or indirectly employs about 318,000 Louisiana residents (17% of all jobs in the state). 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